The common feature between these virtual reality devices is that the user cannot directly see the surrounding environment as the display is limited to the screen located directly in front of the user’s eyes. These types of VR devices rely on many of the sensors, display, and processing power built into the phone. For a more budget friendly VR experience devices such as Google Cardboard and Samsung Gear VR allow users to experience VR by inserting a regular smart phone into a head mounted display. The PC based systems such as the Rift and Vive are a little costly and also require a decent computer to run them. These base stations, known as the Lighthouse tracking system are larger than the sensors used in the Oculus Rift. The VR tracking system for the HTC Vive is a series of Vive Base stations that give a 3 dimensional view of the area and include tracking the headset and the handheld controllers. Unlike the Oculus Rift, the Vive contains a front facing camera that permits the user to see the real world through a video representation. The Vive headset also contains a 1080 × 1200 resolution display for each eye. The HTC Vive contains a similar architecture as the Oculus Rift. The touch controllers are tracked by the Constellation sensors and also have sensors to determine hand gestures made by the user. The tracking units track the headset as well as optional hand held controllers called the Oculus Touch. In addition to sensors built into the headset, the Oculus Rift also contains optional external USB sensors (known as the Constellation sensors) for more accurate positional tracking. The Rift has built in headphones and built in rotational tracking. The Oculus Rift contains a screen resolution of 1080 × 1200 per eye, a 90 Hz refresh rate and a 110° field of view. These headsets are required to be tethered to a computer that is generating the content for the display. Commercially available Virtual Reality headsets include the Oculus Rift and the HTC Vive. A fixed display is located in a headset very close to the user’s own eyes and the user is completed immersed in the world presented on the display. Virtual Reality is an environment where the user cannot see the real world. This paper focusses on user authentication in Virtual Reality. This paper presents a user study that reveals observers can guess the correct 5 digit PIN code within 1 digit 72% of the time, and it also provides a results of a Dynamic Keypad concept that eliminates this possibility with no significant decrease in speed or accuracy. These physical head movements could reveal how the user is interacting with a virtual keyboard and as a result secure information such as PIN codes or passwords could be captured. Although this works, it also can reveal what direction the user is looking at to other people located in the same physical space. In order to use a virtual keyboard within the virtual environment, standard virtual object selection is used where the user moves his head around to line up a cursor with the desired target, then holds still for a period of time until the target is selected. While in a virtual environment it is difficult for a user to utilize a physical keyboard. Other devices such as Google Cardboard or Samsung Gear VR do not require a tethered PC and are powered by a standard cell phone. Typical HMDs are devices like the Oculus Rift or HTC Vive that require the device to be tethered to a computer. Head mounted displays (HMD) for virtual reality environments allow for users to experience a virtual world without being able to see anything within their real physical environment.
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